In HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1680" \o "1680" 1680, the Duke of York was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up his residence at the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" \o "Holyrood Palace" Palace of Holyroodhouse in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh" \o "Edinburgh" Edinburgh. [42], James's time in France had exposed him to the beliefs and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church; he and his wife, Anne, became drawn to that faith. He was deposed by the Glorious Revolution. [84] When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament prorogued in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign. James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions. [151] In 1892, A. W. Ward wrote for the Dictionary of National Biography that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing objects of his policy. [71] The new Parliament that assembled in May 1685, which gained the name of "Loyal Parliament", was initially favourable to James, and the new king sent word that even most of the former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule. The King also provoked opposition by his policies relating to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" \o "University of Oxford" University of Oxford. [69] Having no legitimate children, Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. His entrails were placed in two gilt urns and sent to the parish church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the English Jesuit college at Saint-Omer, while the flesh from his right arm was given to the English Augustinian nuns of Paris. ì È ¶ Ğ The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. These policies caused the King to lose the support of his former allies, the Tories. Although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. [46] Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required to disavow the doctrine of transubstantiation and denounce certain practices of the Roman Church as superstitious and idolatrous) and to receive the Eucharist under the auspices of the Church of England. That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently established Parliament as the ruling power in England. He pursued Catholicism as the state religion and headed Parliament. Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). [31], Their first child, Charles, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further sons and daughters. [129] Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as Séamus an Chaca or "James the Shit". [16] When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, Parliamentary leaders ordered the Duke of York to be confined in St James's Palace. [23], During his service in the Spanish army, James became friendly with two Irish Catholic brothers in the Royalist entourage, Peter and Richard Talbot, and became somewhat estranged from his brother's Anglican advisers. Graham Goodlad Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II", Johnson, Richard R. (1978). [43] James took Catholic Eucharist in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for almost a decade as he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September. [58] Two further Parliaments were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. [93] Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's brothers-in-law (the Hydes) and their supporters. Nicholas Hayward marketed Brenttown to English Catholics after the Glorious Revolution eliminated most political reasons for French Protestants to leave England.