historical perspectives: oceania, australasia, and antarctica
En route back to Batavia, Tasman came across the Tongan archipelago on 20 January 1643. World History Chapter 6 51 Terms. In 1852, French Polynesia was granted partial internal autonomy; in 1984, the autonomy was extended. The evidence from Melanesia suggests their territory extended into south Asia, where ancestors of the Melanesians developed.[51]. Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands. On 13 December they sighted land on the north-west coast of the South Island, New Zealand, becoming the first Europeans to do so. Combined with the Spanish Atlantic or West Indies Fleet, the Manila Galleons formed one of the first global maritime exchange in human history, linking Seville in Spain with Manila in the Philippines, via Mexico. 1885). Commodore Frank Bainimarama, who was opposed to Speight, then took over and appointed a new Prime Minister. The Bougainville Revolutionary Army began attacking the mine in 1988, forcing its closure the following year. [15], Modern archeology, anthropology and linguistic studies confirm widespread Tongan cultural influence ranging widely[16][17] through East 'Uvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa and Niue, parts of Micronesia (Kiribati, Pohnpei), Vanuatu, and New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands,[18] and while some academics prefer the term "maritime chiefdom",[19] others argue that, while very different from examples elsewhere, ..."empire" is probably the most convenient term.[20]. On his return voyage to New Zealand in 1774, Cook landed at the Friendly Islands, Easter Island, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu. [90] On 18 October his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. But this list is a political view of the world's continents. Antarctica is located at the southernmost part of the Earth’s continent. The Japanese subsequently withdrew to establish a defensive position on the north coast, but they were followed by the Australians who recaptured Kokoda on 2 November. ashleyalc23. Aspects of Fijian culture are similar to the Melanesian culture of the western Pacific but have a stronger connection to the older Polynesian cultures. For a long time this was the only non-coastal European settlement in the Pacific. [79] Hawaiian tradition says that he was killed by a chief named Kalaimanokahoʻowaha or Kanaʻina. The Polynesian people are considered to be by linguistic, archaeological and human genetic ancestry a subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian people and tracing Polynesian languages places their prehistoric origins in the Malay Archipelago, and ultimately, in Taiwan. The History of Oceania includes the history of Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and other Pacific island nations. Historical Perspectives Project: Consider It! [87] Only forty of them settled in the colony, the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880. Fiji's history was one of settlement but also of mobility. French Polynesia became a full overseas collectivity of France in 2004. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became the Territory of New Guinea, Australasia. In 1905 the British government transferred some administrative responsibility over south-east New Guinea to Australia (which renamed the area "Territory of Papua"); and in 1906, transferred all remaining responsibility to Australia. The site is at Mulifanua on Upolu. ; Melanesia (subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Tonga). Of strategic importance during the war were the coastwatchers operating in remote locations, often on Japanese held islands, providing early warning and intelligence of Japanese naval, army and aircraft movements during the campaign. : the "first peoples". However, the Queensland government's superiors in the United Kingdom revoked the claim, and (formally) assumed direct responsibility in 1884, when Germany claimed north-eastern New Guinea as the protectorate of German New Guinea (also called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland). [72] After dropping Omai at Tahiti, Cook travelled north and in 1778 became the first European to visit the Hawaiian Islands. Scheduled maintenance: Saturday, March 6 from 3–4 PM PST, many diverse or different characteristics, e.g., in a society, all that is left of a thing or group of people. Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. Approximately 98% of the continent is covered with ice averaging 6,200 feet in thickness. From the lesson, what are the three official languages of New Zealand? The first European impression of Māori, at Murderers' Bay. The Japanese subsequently invaded New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and other Pacific islands. Oceania contains thousands of islands, scattered across thousands of miles of ocean. Polynesia theories 1. What are three things that brought about great change to Polynesia during the seventeenth century? Nan Madol is offshore of Temwen Island near Pohnpei, consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, and is often called the Venice of the Pacific. ‘ANU Asia-Pacific Map Collection’ (over 5,00 maps of which 120 pre-1800, enlargeable to high res. Following papal mediation and German compensation of $4.5 million, Spain recognized a German claim in 1885. [45], The first settlers of Australia, New Guinea, and the large islands just to the east arrived between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago, when Neanderthals still roamed Europe. In 1668 the Spanish founded a colony on Guam as a resting place for west-bound galleons. Micronesia, Melanesia, and The highest point is Mount Wilhelm (4509 m) in Papua New Guinea. [24] They are believed to have been Polynesian. History of Oceania Main Article Definition. Migrating from South-East Asia, they appear to have occupied these islands as far east as the main islands in the Solomon Islands archipelago, including Makira and possibly the smaller islands farther to the east. [34], On Pohnpei, pre-colonial history is divided into three eras: Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas (Period of Building, or Period of Peopling, before c. 1100); Mwehin Sau Deleur (Period of the Lord of Deleur, c. 1100[35] to c. 1628);[note 1] and Mwehin Nahnmwarki (Period of the Nahnmwarki, c. 1628 to c. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Slow Boat model: Similar to the express-train model but with a longer hiatus in Melanesia along with admixture, both genetically, culturally and linguistically with the local population. Sapphire_Cannon. Entangled Bank model: Emphasizes the long history of Austronesian speakers' cultural and genetic interactions with indigenous Island South-East Asians and Melanesians along the way to becoming the first Polynesians. The ancient Chamorro left a number of megalithic ruins, including Latte stone. 2. The site is accessed daily by a variety of users: prospective and current students, instructors, coordinators, volunteers, Perspectives staff, course tuition payments, donations, and staff support, to name a few. Such diversity developed over their tens of thousands of years of settlement before the Polynesian ancestors ever arrived at the islands. In 1772 the Royal Society commissioned Cook to search for the hypothetical Terra Australis again. Interrupted by only two brief periods of oligarchic rule during the fifth century BCE, the Athenian government was characterized by a participatory system that had come to be called demokratia. The longest river is the Darling river (2,739 km) which is a tributary o… Athens had not only some advantages in geography and resources but also favorable historical circumstances and remarkable leadership on its side. All were ultimately due to ethnic tension between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, who originally came to the islands as indentured labour in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Furneaux made his way to New Zealand, where he lost some of his men during an encounter with Māori, and eventually sailed back to Britain, while Cook continued to explore the Antarctic, reaching 71°10'S on 31 January 1774.[70]. The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in South-East Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. In 1887, King Fata-a-iki, who reigned Niue from 1887 to 1896, offered to cede sovereignty to the British Empire, fearing the consequences of annexation by a less benevolent colonial power. Australasia during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s): including Nova Guinea (New Guinea), Nova Hollandia (mainland Australia), Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), and Nova Zeelandia (New Zealand). Australasia, also called Oceania or Australasia/Oceania, is the World’s smallest continent – 8,112,000 km² covering approximately 5.3% of the Earth’s land and 1.5% of the Earth’s surface. The trip's principal goal was to locate a North-West Passage around the American continent. It is situated partly in the Pacific ocean, bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west and the Southern ocean to the south. Some of the most prominent Oceanic battlegrounds were the Solomon Islands campaign, the Air raids on Darwin, the Kokada Track, and the Borneo campaign. 14. The Asian and Pacific Theatre of World War I was a conquest of German colonial possession in the Pacific Ocean and China. From 1975, there were attempts by the Bougainville Province to secede from Papua New Guinea. Oceania is also home to the Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral reef in the world and one of the most complex ecosystems on the planet. Quiz 3: Uses of Geography ... OCEANIA, AUSTRALASIA, AND ANTARCTICA. thaothan2495. By most accounts they are Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Asia, Antarctica, and Oceania/Australasia. ( Use the internet and other reference materials to learn how interactions between Cuba, the U.S., and other nations have … The waka approached the Zeehan which fired and hit one Māori who fell down. Hemisphere ‘from the Indian Ocean to the mid-Pacific, including Antarctica, Indonesia, New Guinea, Polynesia, New Zealand and Australia’. In 1789 the Mutiny on the Bounty against William Bligh led to several of the mutineers escaping the Royal Navy and settling on Pitcairn Islands, which later became a British colony. Oceania is comprised of island nations with few shared land borders spread across the Pacific Ocean. The last atmospheric test was conducted in 1974, and the last underground test in 1996. As Tasman sailed out of the bay he was again attacked, this time by 11 waka . The United States also expanded into the Pacific, beginning with Baker Island and Howland Island in 1857, and with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory in 1898. Geography, Raciology, and the Naming of Oceania Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc. 5 379-82, 463, 473, 494). - Australian National University, Canberra) {May, 2020} Australia - Canberra (a selection of 73 maps and plans (1916-25) by the architect Walter Burley Griffin (1876-1937), enlargeable to high res. From the lesson, which of the following impacted the Aborigines almost immediately when English settlers arrived. [52] Indigenous Australians migrated from Africa to Asia around 70,000 years ago[53] and arrived in Australia around 50,000 years ago. The standoff ended on 15 and 16 March when a cyclone wrecked all six warships in the harbor. In 1954, fallout from the American Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb test in the Marshall Islands was such that the inhabitants of the Rongelap Atoll were forced to abandon their island. Australasia is only Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea etc. Further fighting continued into November and December as the Australian and United States forces assaulted the Japanese beachheads, in what later became known as the Battle of Buna–Gona. In 1606 Luís Vaz de Torres explored the southern coast of New Guinea from Milne Bay to the Gulf of Papua including Orangerie Bay which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo. The three remaining ships, led by Magellan and his captains Duarte Barbosa and João Serrão, then sailed north and caught the trade winds which carried them across the Pacific to the Philippines where Magellan was killed. [87], In the 1880s, France claimed the Tuamotu Archipelago, which formerly belonged to the Pōmare Dynasty, without formally annexing it. In 1947, the United States, as the occupying power, entered into an agreement with the UN Security Council to administer much of Micronesia, including the Marshall Islands, as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Further BRA activity led to the declaration of a state of emergency and the conflict continued until about 2005, when successionist leader and self-proclaimed King of Bougainville Francis Ona died of malaria. Australia, New Zealand and other nations took part in the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands from 2003 after a request for aid. Samoa became the first pacific nation to gain independence in 1962, Fiji and Tonga became independent in 1970, with many other nations following in the 1970s and 1980s. Wilford, Timothy. In 1887 his government sent the "homemade battleship" Kaimiloa to Samoa looking for an alliance against colonial powers. The constitution incorporates both American and British constitutional concepts. There were simultaneous Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The most significant military action was the Siege of Tsingtao in what is now China, but smaller actions were also fought at Battle of Bita Paka and Siege of Toma in German New Guinea. One of the first land offensives in the Pacific theatre was the Occupation of German Samoa in August 1914 by New Zealand forces. Indigenous Australians is an inclusive term used when referring to both Aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders. Oceania is in a continental group consisting of numerous countries and includes Pacific islands and Australia. While calling it Australia makes some sense and it is the largest part of the continent, in a sense it is like if we were to call Asia, Russia. The Japanese headquarters was established at the German center of administration, Jaluit. Disappearing persons is not a new phenomenon, for stepping back in time, the bodies of England's King Edward V, Greece’s Alexander the Great and the brutal ruler of the Huns, Attila, have all gone AWOL. Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. United States Naval Institute, Elmer Belmont Potter, Roger Fredland, Henry Hitch Adams (1981), Polynesia § History of the Polynesian people, History of the Federated States of Micronesia, indigenous inhabitants of mainland Australia, the last human-inhabited continent to be largely known to the civilized world, charted almost three-quarters of the Australian coastline, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, The Death of Captain James Cook, 14 February 1779, Category:Spanish explorers of the Pacific, Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands, List of countries and islands by first human settlement, "Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific", "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome", "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific", "New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa", "Ha'amonga 'a Maui (Trilithon) and 'esi Maka Fa'akinanga", Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region", "Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology", "Geraghty, P., 1994. The prime minister of the kingdom of Hawaii Walter M. Gibson had long aimed to establishing an empire in the Pacific. Before returning to England, Cook made a final sweep across the South Atlantic from Cape Horn. The coup was denounced by the United Nations and Fiji was expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations. Three years later the islanders were allowed to return, but suffered abnormally high levels of cancer. Two names he gave to New Zealand landmarks still endure, Cape Maria van Diemen and Three Kings Islands, but Kaap Pieter Boreels was renamed by Cook 125 years later to Cape Egmont. [56] There is great diversity among different Indigenous communities and societies in Australia, each with its own unique mixture of cultures, customs and languages. Drawing by Isaack Gilsemans in Abel Tasman's travel journal (1642). Archeological research has shown the Dutch had tried to land at a major agricultural area, which the Māori may have been trying to protect. Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Melanesians interbred in Asia with these humans. Between 2001 and 2007 Australia's Pacific Solution policy transferred asylum seekers to several Pacific nations, including the Nauru detention centre. Marshallese Iroij (high chiefs) continued to rule under indirect colonial German administration. The esteem which the islanders nevertheless held for Cook caused them to retain his body. On 14 February 1779, at Kealakekua Bay, some Hawaiians took one of Cook's small boats. The Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar landed in the Marshall Islands in 1529. [31] The earliest archaeological traces of civilization have been found on the island of Saipan, dated to 1500 BCE or slightly before. [36][39] Pohnpeian legend recounts that the Saudeleur rulers, the first to bring government to Pohnpei, were of foreign origin. [73], From the Sandwich Islands Cook sailed north and then north-east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California. Linguistic evidence for the Tongan empire", Divine hunger: cannibalism as a cultural system, Pacific Peoples, Melanesia/Micronesia/Polynesia, Summary of Thomas S. Barthel's version of Hotu Matu'a's arrival to Easter Island, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, "Lost in the Weeds: Theme and Variation in Pohnpei Political Mythology", "Genome Scans Show Polynesians Have Little Genetic Relationship to Melanesians", "The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders", "Denisovans Were Neanderthals' Cousins, DNA Analysis Reveals", "An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia", "Aboriginal Australians descend from the first humans to leave Africa, DNA sequence reveals", http://www.illumina.com/documents/icommunity/article_2012_04_Aboriginal_Genome.pdf, "When did Australia's earliest inhabitants arrive? Cook mapped the complete New Zealand coastline, making only some minor errors (such as calling Banks Peninsula an island, and thinking Stewart Island/Rakiura was a peninsula of the South Island). Oceania (UK: / ˌ oʊ s i ˈ ɑː n i ə, ˌ oʊ ʃ i-,-ˈ eɪ n-/, US: / ˌ oʊ ʃ i ˈ æ n i ə / (), /-ˈ ɑː n-/) is a geographic region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. These tests were opposed by most other nations in Oceania. The Gilbert Islands (now known as Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (now known as Tuvalu) came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century. For the Japanese designator of Oahu. The Treaty of__________provided some representation in New Zealand government for the Maori. From 1946 to 1958, the Marshall Islands served as the Pacific Proving Grounds for the United States, and was the site of 67 nuclear tests on various atolls. In a single visit, Cook charted the majority of the North American north-west coastline on world maps for the first time, determined the extent of Alaska, and closed the gaps in Russian (from the West) and Spanish (from the South) exploratory probes of the Northern limits of the Pacific. Tests were conducted in various locations by the United Kingdom (Operation Grapple and Operation Antler), the United States (Bikini atoll and the Marshall Islands) and France (Moruroa), often with devastating consequences for the inhabitants. The islands of Rimatara and Rūrutu unsuccessfully lobbied for British protection in 1888, so in 1889 they were annexed by France. [41][44], Construction of Nan Madol, a megalithic complex made from basalt lava logs in Pohnpei began as early as 1200 CE. "Environmental History in Australasia" Australia and New Zealand share a southern, settler society history, and cultural solidarity as British colonies and dominions. This culture is seen as having adapted and evolved through time and space since its emergence "Out of Taiwan". He charted the eastern tip of Vanua Levu and Cikobia before making his way back into the open sea. Due to its low population, Oceania was a popular location for atmospheric and underground nuclear tests. There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as the date of settlement. Proceeding north and then east, he stopped to gather water, but one of his boats was attacked by Māori in a double hulled waka (canoes) and four of his men were attacked and killed by mere. The United States: The Northeast and the South 12. German Micronesia, the Marianas, the Carolines and the Marshall Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war. [27][28] A large now extinct palm, Paschalococos disperta, related to the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis), was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence; this species, whose sole occurrence was Easter Island, became extinct due to deforestation by the early settlers. [47], Particularly along the north coast of New Guinea and in the islands north and east of New Guinea, the Austronesian people, who had migrated into the area somewhat more than 3,000 years ago,[46] came into contact with these pre-existing populations of Papuan-speaking peoples. [41][42][43] Isokelekel is regarded as the creator of the modern Pohnpeian nahnmwarki social system and the father of the Pompeian people. Cook then voyaged west, reaching the south-eastern coast of Australia on 19 April 1770, and in doing so his expedition became the first recorded Europeans to have encountered its eastern coastline. Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700–800 CE. As thefts were quite common in Tahiti and the other islands, Cook would have taken hostages until the stolen articles were returned. [54][55] The Torres Strait Islanders are indigenous to the Torres Strait Islands, which are at the northernmost tip of Queensland near Papua New Guinea. Fiji has suffered several coups d'état: military in 1987 and 2006 and civilian in 2000. Tensions rose, and a number of quarrels broke out between the Europeans and Hawaiians. Quiz 3: Uses of Geography 5. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BCE,[6] "Lapita Peoples", so-named after their pottery tradition, appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of north-west Melanesia. 4. The Guadalcanal Campaign became an important and bloody campaign fought in the Pacific War as the Allies began to repulse Japanese expansion. The Hawaiians prevented this, and Cook's men had to retreat to the beach. [88] Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" in New Caledonia. Australian forces attacked German New Guinea in September 1914: 500 Australians encountered 300 Germans and native policemen at the Battle of Bita Paka; the Allies won the day and the Germans retreated to Toma. You can say Australasia is a small group of countries while Oceania is Australasia and more group of countries in that area. The first official name for the colony was Établissements de l'Océanie (Settlements in Oceania); in 1903 the general council was changed to an advisory council and the colony's name was changed to Établissements Français de l'Océanie (French Settlements in Oceania).[89]. [76] Though this view was first suggested by members of Cook's expedition, the idea that any Hawaiians understood Cook to be Lono, and the evidence presented in support of it, were challenged in 1992.[75][77].